Journal Articles
Franco, E, Coterón, J,
Spray, C (2024)
Antecedents of teachers’ motivational behaviours in physical education: a scoping review utilising achievement goal and self-determination theory perspectives,
International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, ISSN: 1750-984X. DOI:
10.1080/1750984x.2024.2366835.
Piggott, CL,
Spray, C, Mason, C, Rhind, D (2024)
Using sport and physical activity interventions to develop life skills and reduce delinquency in youth: a systematic review,
International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, ISSN: 1750-984X. DOI:
10.1080/1750984X.2024.2349994.
Scott, J, Jay, T,
Spray, C (2024)
The role of fundamental movement skills and spatial abilities in the relationship between physical activity and mathematics achievement in primary school children,
Journal of Intelligence, 12(2), 22, DOI:
10.3390/jintelligence12020022.
Harte, N, Alfrey, L,
Spray, C, Cale, L (2023)
The if, why and how of fitness testing in secondary school physical education in the United Kingdom,
European Physical Education Review, 30(3), pp.475-492, ISSN: 1356-336X. DOI:
10.1177/1356336x231219937.
Wang, CKJ,
Spray, CM, Warburton, VE (2023)
Motivational processes in sport, exercise and physical activity,
Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3(2), pp.63-64, DOI:
10.1016/j.ajsep.2023.10.001.
Klemmer, B, Kinnafick, F,
Spray, C, Chater, A (2023)
The effectiveness of structured sport and exercise interventions in enhancing the mental health of adolescents with mild to moderate mental health problems: a systematic review,
International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, ISSN: 1750-984X. DOI:
10.1080/1750984X.2023.2266823.
Hemingway, K, Butt, J,
Spray, C, Olusoga, P, Beretta De Azevedo, L (2023)
Exploring students experiences of secondary school Physical Education in England,
Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, pp.1-16, ISSN: 1740-8989. DOI:
10.1080/17408989.2023.2256771.
Spray, CM, Franco, E, Barnes, JS (2023)
Social comparison in physical education: Impact of frames of reference, motives to compare, and self-determined motivation,
Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3(2), pp.65-73, DOI:
10.1016/j.ajsep.2023.06.001.
Scott, J, Jay, T,
Spray, C (2023)
Achievement in fundamental movement skills, spatial abilities, and mathematics among Lower Key Stage 2 children,
Journal of Intelligence, 11(5), 87, DOI:
10.3390/jintelligence11050087.
Thrower, S,
Spray, C, Harwood, C (2023)
Evaluating the "Optimal Competition Parenting Workshop" using the RE-AIM framework: a 4-year organizational-level intervention in British junior tennis,
Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 45(1), pp.1-14, ISSN: 0895-2779. DOI:
10.1123/jsep.2022-0080.
Sivaramakrishnan, H,
Spray, C, Fletcher, D, Ntoumanis, N (2022)
John Henryism and fear of failure in competitive sport: predicting competitive standard and mental well-being,
International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22(1), pp.273-289, ISSN: 1612-197X. DOI:
10.1080/1612197x.2022.2139854.
Spray, C and Warburton, V (2022)
What motivates young athletes to play sport?,
Frontiers for Young Minds, 10, 686291, DOI:
10.3389/frym.2022.686291.
Franco, E, Coterón, J, Gómez, V, Spray, CM (Accepted for publication) A person-centred approach to understanding dark-side antecedents and students’ outcomes associated with physical education teachers’ motivation, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, ISSN: 1469-0292. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102021.
Lirola, MJ and
Spray, C (2021)
Validation of the amotivation inventory in physical education: physical activity and physical self-concept,
Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology / Revista Electrónica de Investigación Psicoeducativa, 19(54), pp.416-436, ISSN: 1699-5880. DOI:
10.25115/EJREP.V19I54.3596.
Warburton, VE,
Spray, C, Bishop, KCM, Maloney, CMC (2021)
Motivation and self-enhancement as antecedents of implicit theories in youth sport,
Personality and Individual Differences, 181, 111026, ISSN: 0191-8869. DOI:
10.1016/j.paid.2021.111026.
Franco, E, Cuevas, R, Coterón, J,
Spray, C (2021)
Work pressures stemming from school authorities and burnout among physical education teachers: the mediating role of psychological needs thwarting,
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 41(1), pp.110-120, ISSN: 0273-5024. DOI:
10.1123/jtpe.2020-0070.
Tudor, KE, Sarkar, M,
Spray, C (2019)
Resilience in physical education: A qualitative exploration of protective factors,
European Physical Education Review, 26(1), pp.284-302, ISSN: 1356-336X. DOI:
10.1177/1356336X19854477.
Thrower, S, Harwood, CG,
Spray, C (2019) Educating and Supporting Tennis Parents using Web-Based Delivery Methods: A Novel Online Education Program,
Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, ISSN: 1041-3200.
de Cruz, NP,
Spray, C, Smith, B (2019) Implicit beliefs of disability and elite sport: The para-athlete experience,
Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, ISSN: 1939-845X.
Gonzalez-Cutre, D, Megias, A, Beltran-Carrillo, VJ, Cervello, E,
Spray, C (2018)
Effects of a physical activity program on post-bariatric patients: A qualitative study from a self-determination theory perspective,
Journal of Health Psychology, 25(10-11), pp.1743-1754, ISSN: 1359-1053. DOI:
10.1177/1359105318770729.
Tudor, KE, Sarkar, M,
Spray, C (2018)
Exploring common stressors in physical education: A qualitative study,
European Physical Education Review, ISSN: 1356-336X. DOI:
10.1177/1356336X18761586.
Tudor, KE and
Spray, CM (2017)
Approaches to measuring academic resilience: A systematic review,
International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 7(4), ISSN: 2243-7703. DOI:
10.5861/ijrse.2017.1880.
Warburton, VE and
Spray, CM (2017)
Implicit theories of ability in physical education: Current issues and future directions,
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 36(3), pp.252-261, ISSN: 0273-5024. DOI:
10.1123/jtpe.2017-0043.
Warburton, VE and
Spray, C (2017)
Individual-level change in achievement goals in physical education,
International Journal of Research Studies in Education, ISSN: 2243-7703. DOI:
10.5861/ijrse.2016.1418.
Thrower, SN, Harwood, C,
Spray, C (2017)
Educating and supporting tennis parents: an action research study,
Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, pp.1-19, ISSN: 2159-676X. DOI:
10.1080/2159676X.2017.1341947.
Warburton, VE and
Spray, C (2017)
The ‘growth mindset’: More than just praising effort?,
Physical Education Matters, pp.31-34, ISSN: 1751-0988.
Stebbings, J, Taylor, I,
Spray, C (2016)
Interpersonal mechanisms explaining the transfer of well- and ill-being in coach-athlete dyads,
Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(3), pp.292-304, ISSN: 0895-2779. DOI:
10.1123/jsep.2015-0172.
Vella, SA, Braithwaite, RE, Gardner, L,
Spray, C (2016)
A systematic review and meta-analysis of implicit theory research in sport, physical activity, and physical education,
International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(1), pp.191-214, ISSN: 1750-984X. DOI:
10.1080/1750984X.2016.1160418.
Thrower, S, Harwood, C,
Spray, C (2016)
Educating and supporting tennis parents: grounded theory of parents’ needs during childhood and early adolescence,
Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 5(2), pp.107-124, ISSN: 2157-3905. DOI:
10.1037/spy0000054.
Thrower, SN, Harwood, CG,
Spray, CM (2016)
Educating and supporting tennis parents: A grounded theory of parents’ needs during childhood and early adolescence,
Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 5(2), pp.107-124, ISSN: 2157-3905. DOI:
10.1037/spy0000054.
Jackson-Kersey, R and
Spray, C (2016)
The effect of perceived psychological need support on amotivation in physical education,
European Physical Education Review, ISSN: 0140-7708. DOI:
10.1177/1356336X15591341.
Stebbings, J, Taylor, I,
Spray, C (2015)
The relationship between psychological well- and ill-being, and perceived autonomy supportive and controlling interpersonal styles: A longitudinal study of sport coaches,
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 19, pp.42-49, ISSN: 1469-0292. DOI:
10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.02.002.
Almagro, BJ, Saenz-Lopez, P, Moreno-Murcia, JA,
Spray, CM (2015) Motivational factors in young Spanish athletes: A qualitative focus drawing from self-determination theory and achievement goal perspectives,
The Sport Psychologist, 29(1), pp.15-28.
Taylor, I,
Spray, C, Pearson, N (2014)
The influence of the physical education environment on children's well-being and physical activity across the transition from primary to secondary school,
Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(6), pp.574-583, ISSN: 0895-2779. DOI:
10.1123/jsep.2014-0038.
Warburton, VE and
Spray, CM (2014)
Appearance- and competition-focused performance goals: Examining their links with performance in physical education,
European Physical Education Review, 20(3), pp.305-318, ISSN: 1356-336X. DOI:
10.1177/1356336X14524112.
Keegan, RJ,
Spray, CM, Harwood, CG, Lavallee, D (2014)
A qualitative investigation of the motivational climate in elite sport,
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), pp.97-107, ISSN: 1469-0292. DOI:
10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.006.
Keegan, RJ,
Spray, CM, Harwood, CG, Lavallee, DE (2014)
A qualitative synthesis of research into social motivational influences across the athletic career span,
Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 6(4), pp.537-567.
Taylor, IM,
Spray, CM, Pearson, N (2014) The influence of the physical education environment on children’s well-being and physical activity across the primary-secondary school transition,
Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(6).
Spray, CM (2013)
Motivation toward physical education: What do we know about change?,
Physical Education Matters, 8(3), pp.68-69.
Keegan, RJ, Harwood, CG,
Spray, CM, Lavallee, DE (2013)
A qualitative investigation of the motivational atmosphere in elite sport,
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), pp.97-107, ISSN: 1469-0292. DOI:
10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.006.
Spray, C, Warburton, VE, Stebbings, J (2013)
Change in physical self-perceptions across the transition to secondary school: Relationships with perceived teacher-emphasised achievement goals in physical education,
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, pp.662-669, DOI:
10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.05.001.
Jowett, N and
Spray, CM (2013) British Olympic hopefuls: The antecedents and consequences of implicit ability beliefs in elite track and field athletes,
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(2), pp.145-153.
Barnes, JS and
Spray, CM (2013) Social comparison in physical education: An examination of the relationship between two frames of reference and engagement, disaffection and physical self-concept,
Psychology in the Schools, 50, pp.1060-1072.
Warburton, VE and
Spray, CM (2013) Antecedents of approach-avoidance achievement goal adoption: An analysis of two physical education activities,
European Physical Education Review, 19(2), pp.215-231.
Jackson-Kersey, R and
Spray, CM (2013) Amotivation in physical education: Relationships with physical self-concept and teacher ratings of attainment,
European Physical Education Review, 19(3), pp.289-301.
Stebbings, J, Taylor, IM,
Spray, CM, Ntoumanis, N (2012)
Antecedents of Perceived Coach Interpersonal Behaviors: The Coaching Environment and Coach Psychological Well- and III-Being,
JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY, 34(4), pp.481-502, ISSN: 0895-2779. DOI:
10.1123/jsep.34.4.481.
Slater, MJ,
Spray, CM, Smith, BM (2012)
"You're only as good as your weakest link": Implicit theories of golf ability,
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(3), pp.280-290, ISSN: 1469-0292. DOI:
10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.11.010.
Slater, MJ,
Spray, CM, Smith, BM (2012) "You're only as good as your weakest link": Implicit theories of golf ability,
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, pp.280-290.
Jowett, N and
Spray, CM (2012) Talent: Is it born or made? Elite athletes’ beliefs about sport ability,
FA Coaches' Club, 1.
Stebbings, J, Taylor, IM,
Spray, CM (2012) Coaches .. does your working environment affect the way you behave towards your players?
The Boot Room, 4, pp.80-85.
Braithwaite, R,
Spray, CM, Warburton, VE (2011)
Motivational climate interventions in physical education: A meta-analysis,
PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE, 12(6), pp.628-638, ISSN: 1469-0292. DOI:
10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.06.005.
McLachlan, S,
Spray, CM, Hagger, MS (2011)
The development of a scale measuring integrated regulation in exercise,
British Journal of Health Psychology, 16(4), pp.722-743, DOI:
10.1348/2044-8287.002009.
Spray, CM and Warburton, VE (2011)
Temporal relations among multidimensional perceptions of competence and trichotomous achievement goals in physical education,
PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE, 12(5), pp.515-524, ISSN: 1469-0292. DOI:
10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.04.007.
Stebbings, J, Taylor, IM,
Spray, CM (2011)
Antecedents of Perceived Coach Autonomy Supportive and Controlling Behaviors: Coach Psychological Need Satisfaction and Well-Being,
JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY, 33(2), pp.255-272, ISSN: 0895-2779. DOI:
10.1123/jsep.33.2.255.
King Chung Chan, D, Hagger, MS,
Spray, CM (2011)
Treatment motivation for rehabilitation after a sport injury: Application of the trans-contextual model,
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(2), pp.83-92, DOI:
10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.08.005.
Stebbings, J, Taylor, IM,
Spray, CM (2011) If coaches feel good, will they look after their players better?
Insight: The FA Coaches Association Journal, pp.58-61.
Moreno, JA, Gonzalez Cutre, D, Sicilia, A,
Spray, CM (2010)
Motivation in the exercise setting: Integrating constructs from the approach-avoidance achievement goal framework and self-determination theory,
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(6), pp.542-550, ISSN: 1469-0292. DOI:
10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.06.003.
Taylor, IM, Ntoumanis, N, Standage, M,
Spray, CM (2010)
Motivational Predictors of Physical Education Students' Effort, Exercise Intentions, and Leisure-Time Physical Activity: A Multilevel Linear Growth Analysis,
JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY, 32(1), pp.99-120, ISSN: 0895-2779. DOI:
10.1123/jsep.32.1.99.
Keegan, R,
Spray, CM, Harwood, CG, Lavallee, D (2010)
The Motivational Atmosphere in Youth Sport: Coach, Parent, and Peer Influences on Motivation in Specializing Sport Participants,
Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22(1), pp.87-105, ISSN: 1041-3200. DOI:
10.1080/10413200903421267.
McLachlan, S,
Spray, CM, Hagger, MS (2010)
The development of a scale measuring integrated regulation in exercise,
British Journal of Health Psychology, DOI:
10.1348/2044-8287.002009.
Thogersen-Ntoumani, C, Ntoumanis, N, Barkoukis, V,
Spray, CM (2009)
The role of motivation to eat in the prediction of weight control behaviors in female and male adolescents,
EATING BEHAVIORS, 10(2), pp.107-114, ISSN: 1471-0153. DOI:
10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.03.001.
Keegan, RJ, Harwood, CG,
Spray, CM, Lavallee, DE (2009)
A qualitative investigation exploring the motivational climate in early-career sports participants: Coach, parent and peer influences on sport motivation,
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, pp.361-372.
Thogerson Ntoumani, C, Barkoukis, V, Ntoumanis, N,
Spray, CM (2009) Weight control behaviours in Greek adolescents: The role of motivation to eat and self-esteem,
Eating Behaviours, 10, pp.107-114.
Sagar, SS, Lavallee, D,
Spray, CM (2009) Coping with the effects of fear of failure: A preliminary examination of young elite athletes,
Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3, pp.73-98.
Warburton, VE and
Spray, CM (2009) Antecedents of approach-avoidance achievement goal adoption in physical education: A longitudinal perspective,
Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 28, pp.214-232.
Morgan, G,
Spray, CM, Harwood, CG (2008) Coaching behaviours within Academies and Centres of Excellence: A focus on the use of feedback and questioning,
FA Insight, pp.28-33.
Warburton, V and
Spray, CM (2008)
Motivation in physical education across the primary-secondary school transition,
European Physical Education Review, 14, pp.157-178.
Sagar, SS, Lavallee, D,
Spray, CM (2007) Why young elite athletes fear failure: Consequences of failure,
Journal of Sports Sciences, 25, pp.1171-1184.
Spray, CM, Wang, CKJ, Biddle, SJH, Chatzisarantis, NLD, Warburton, VE (2006)
An experimental test of self-theories of ability in youth sport,
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(3), pp.255-267, ISSN: 1469-0292. DOI:
10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.05.001.
Spray, CM, Wang, CKJ, Biddle, SJH, Chatzisarantis, NLD (2006) Understanding motivation in sport: An experimental test of achievement goal and self-determination theories,
European Journal of Sport Science, 6, pp.43-51.
Kavussanu, M and
Spray, CM (2006) Contextual influences on moral functioning of male youth footballers,
The Sport Psychologist, 20, pp.1-23.
Spray, CM (2006) Understanding pupils' motivation in physical education: The role of achievement goals, fear of failure and beliefs about ability,
Physical Education Matters, 1(3), pp.36-39.
Wang, CKJ, Liu, WC, Biddle, SJH,
Spray, CM (2005)
Cross-cultural validation of the Conceptions of the Nature of Athletic Ability Questionnaire Version 2,
Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), pp.1245-1256, ISSN: 0191-8869. DOI:
10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.007.
Palmer, CL, Burwitz, L, Dyer, A,
Spray, CM (2005) Endurance training adherence in elite junior netball athletes: A test of the theory of planned behaviour and a revised theory of planned behaviour,
Journal of Sports Sciences, 23, pp.277-288.
Spray, CM and Keegan, RJ (2005) Beyond the dichotomous model of achievement goals in sport and exercise psychology: Comment on Elliot and Conroy (2005),
Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 1(2), pp.47-49.
Biddle, SJH, Wang, CKJ, Chatzisarantis, NLD,
Spray, CM (2003)
Motivation for physical activity in young people: Entity and incremental beliefs about athletic ability,
Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, pp.973-989, ISSN: 0264-0414. DOI:
10.1080/02640410310001641377.
Biddle, SJH, John Wang, CK, Kavussanu, M,
Spray, CM (2003)
Correlates of achievement goal orientations in physical activity: A systematic review of research,
European Journal of Sport Science, 3(5), pp.1-20, ISSN: 1746-1391. DOI:
10.1080/17461390300073504.
Biddle, SJH, Wang, CKJ, Kavussanu, M,
Spray, CM (2003) Correlates of achievement goal orientations in physical activity: A systematic review of research,
European Journal of Sport Science, 3(5), pp.1-20.
Wang, CKJ, Chatzisarantis, NLD,
Spray, CM, Biddle, SJH (2002)
Achievement goal profiles in school physical education: Differences in self-determination, sport ability beliefs and physical activity,
British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72(3), pp.433-445, ISSN: 0007-0998. DOI:
10.1348/000709902320634401.
Spray, CM (2002) Motivational climate and perceived strategies to sustain pupils' discipline in physical education,
European Physical Education Review, 8, pp.5-20.
Spray, CM and Wang, CKJ (2001)
Goal orientations, self-determination, and pupils' discipline in physical education,
Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(12), pp.903-913, ISSN: 1466-447X. DOI:
10.1080/026404101317108417.
Spray, CM (2000) Predicting Participation in Noncompulsory Physical Education: Do Goal Perspectives Matter?
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90, pp.1207-1215.
Spray, CM, Biddle, SJH, Fox, KR (1999) Achievement Goals,Beliefs About the Causes of Success, and Reported Emotion in Post-16 Physical Education,
Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, pp.213-219, ISSN: 0264-0414.
Spray, CM and Biddle, SJH (1997)
Achievement Goal Orientations and Participation in Physical Education Among Male and Female Sixth Form Students,
European Physical Education Review, 3(1), pp.83-90, ISSN: 1356-336X. DOI:
10.1177/1356336x9700300108.
Conferences
Soos, I, Spray, C, Makszin, A, Simonek, J, Hamar, P (Accepted for publication) Antecedents of physical education teachers’ motivational strategies. In 25th Anniversary Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Online.
Spray, C (2020)
Antecedents of PE teachers’ motivational style: a systematic review of key findings and future directions in physical education research. In
25th Anniversary Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Online.
Warburton, VE and
Spray, C (2019)
Motivated implicit beliefs in physical education: Is there a self-serving bias? [Abstract]. In
BPS Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology (DSEP) Annual Conference 2019; DSEP 2019 abstract book, Solihull, UK.
Spray, C and Warburton, VE (2019) Motivated implicit beliefs in competitive gymnasts: Is there a self-serving bias?. In
15th European Congress of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Munster, Germany, Munster, Germany.
de Cruz, N, Spray, CM, Smith, B (Accepted for publication) Implicit beliefs of disability and elite sport: The para-athlete experience. In 6th International Conference on Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, Vancouver, Canada.
Tudor, K and
Spray, C (2017) Exploring stressors affecting physical activity participation in secondary school physical education. In
International Association for Physical Education in Higher Education Conference, Gosier, Guadeloupe.
Spray, CM and Jackson-Kersey, R (2017) Antecedents of change in amotivation toward physical education across a school year. In
International Society of Sport Psychology 14th World Congress, Seville, Spain.
Thrower, S, Harwood, C,
Spray, CM (2017) Educating and supporting tennis parents using digital delivery methods: A novel online education programme. In
International Society of Sport Psychology 14th World Congress, Seville, Spain.
Tudor, KE and
Spray, CM (2016) Resilience in physical education. In
Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Cardiff.
Lord, K and
Spray, CM (2016) Antecedents and consequences of fixed and growth mindsets in elite swimmers. In
Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Cardiff.
Spray, C (2015)
The motivation of high level sports performers: mindsets of (future) champions. In
The National Small-Bore Rifle Association, The Inner World of Competitive Sport and Shooting, Royal Society of Medicine, London, UK.
Spray, C and Barnes, JS (2015)
Social comparison processes and pupil outcomes in physical education. In
14th European Congress of Sport Psychology (FEPSAC), Bern, Switzerland,ISBN: 9783033051294.
Thrower, S, Harwood, C,
Spray, C (2015)
Optimizing the role of the tennis parent: an action research study. In
14th European Congress of Sport Psychology (FEPSAC), Bern, Switzerland.
Spray, C (2015)
You can overcome barriers to need supportive teaching in physical education: can’t you?. In
Association for Physical Education, St. George’s Park, Burton-Upon-Trent, UK.
Starr, E and
Spray, C (2015)
An exploratory study of passion in professional ballet dancers. In
British Psychological Society Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology Conference, Leeds, England.
Thrower, S, Harwood, C,
Spray, C (2014) Educating and supporting tennis parents: A grounded theory of parental needs during childhood. In
Association for Applied Sport Psychology, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Thrower, S, Harwood, C,
Spray, C (2014) Educating and supporting tennis parents: A grounded theory of parental needs during early adolescence. In
Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, Loughborough University.
Warburton, VE and
Spray, CM (2014) Using different indices of change to understand achievement motivation in physical education. In
19th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Stebbings, J, Taylor, IM,
Spray, CM (2014) Interpersonal mechanisms explaining the transfer of well- and ill-being in coach-athlete dyads. In
19th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Spray, CM and Barnes, JS (2014) Social comparison processes and pupil outcomes in physical education: Testing the moderating influence of perceived motivational climate. In
Paper submitted to the 19th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Taylor, IM,
Spray, CM, Pearson, N (2014) Self-determined motivation moderates the decline in physical activity over the UK school transition. In
Annual Meeting of the International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, San Diego, CA.
Spray, CM, Taylor, I, Pearson, N (2013) Physical activity and physical self-concept across the first year of secondary school: Influence of perceived teacher needs support in physical education. In
Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology, BPS, Manchester.
Stebbings, J, Taylor, IM,
Spray, CM (2013) Interpersonal mechanisms explaining the transfer of well- and ill-being in coach-athlete dyads. In
European Congress of Sport Science, Barcelona, Spain.
Jackson-Kersey, RM and
Spray, CM (2013) Experiencing amotivation in physical education: the role of achievement emotions. In
European Congress of Sport Science, Barcelona, Spain.
Barnes, JS and
Spray, CM (2012) Correlates of class and individual social comparisons in physical education. In
British Psychological Society Annual Conference, London, pp.1-1.
Taylor, IM,
Spray, CM, Pearson, N (2012) A comparison of school-based correlates of physical activity in PE and leisure-time. In
British Psychological Society Annual Conference, London, pp.1-1.
Stebbings, J, Taylor, IM,
Spray, CM (2012) Prospective relationships between psychological health and perceived interpersonal styles of sports coaches. In
British Psychological Society Annual Conference, London, pp.1-1.
Taylor, IM,
Spray, CM, Pearson, N (2012) Motivational predictors of physical self-concept, physical activity in school and leisure-time across the primary-secondary school transition. In
European Congress of Sport Science, Bruges, Belgium.
Stebbings, J, Taylor, IM,
Spray, CM (2012) A longitudinal investigation of coach psychological health and interpersonal behaviour: The moderating effects of gender and sport type. In
European Congress of Sport Science, Bruges, Belgium.
Spray, CM and Manning, P (2012) Do teachers matter? Influence of perceived transformational teaching in physical education on students’ leisure time physical activity motivation and behaviour. In
European Congress of Sport Science, Bruges, Belgium.
Jackson, R and
Spray, CM (2012) Amotivation in school physical education. In
European Congress of Sport Science, Bruges, Belgium.
Barnes, JS and
Spray, CM (2012) A systematic review of the correlates of social comparison in physical education. In
European Congress of Sport Science, Bruges, Belgium.
Barnes, JS and
Spray, CM (2012) Affective responses to social comparison in Physical Education. In
European Congress of Sport Science, Bruges, Belgium.
Spray, CM, Taylor, IM, Pearson, N (2012) Physical activity and physical self-concept across the transition to secondary school. In
UK Society for Behavioural Medicine, Manchester, England, pp.1-1.
Barnes, JS and
Spray, CM (2011)
Social comparison in physical education: Motives, frames of reference and consequences. In
FEPSAC, 13th European Congress of Sport Psychology, Madeira, Portugal, pp.1-55.
Stebbings, J, Taylor, IM,
Spray, CM (2011) Antecedents of coach perceived interpersonal behaviour: The coaching environment and coach psychological health. In
FEPSAC, 13th European Congress of Sport Psychology, Madeira, Portugal, pp.1-55.
Harwood, C,
Spray, CM, Lott, J (2011) Tanking versus trying: The role of achievement goals and parent/coach climate on the competition responses of young tennis players. In
Association for Applied Sport Psychology, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Dorobantu, M,
Spray, CM, Giurgiu, L (2010) Motivational predictors of self-regulation strategy use in two domains and countries. In
British Psychological Society, Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology Conference, London, England, pp.87-105.
Huppertz, C and
Spray, CM (2010) Relatedness within English and German university sports: Precursors and adjustment at university. In
British Psychological Society, Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology Conference, London, England, pp.87-105.
Jackson, R and
Spray, CM (2010) Amotivation among secondary school students in physical education. In
British Psychological Society, Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology Conference, London, England, pp.87-105.
Keegan, R,
Spray, CM, Harwood, CG, Lavallee, DE (2010) A qualitative meta-synthesis of social influences on motivation across the athletic career span. In
British Psychological Society, Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology Conference, London, England, pp.87-105.
Keegan, R,
Spray, CM, Harwood, CG, Lavallee, DE (2010) A qualitative meta-synthesis of social influences on motivation across the athletic career span. In
Annual conference of the Association for Applied Sport Psychology, Westin Providence, Providence, RI, pp.87-105.
Stebbings, J, Taylor, IM,
Spray, CM (2010) Antecedents of coach autonomy-supportive and controlling behaviours: Coach psychological need satisfaction and well-being. In
15th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Antalya, Turkey, pp.87-105.
Chan, DKC, Hagger, MS,
Spray, CM (2010) Treatment motivation for rehabilitation after a sport injury: Application of the trans-contextual model. In
4th International Conference on Self-Determination Theory, Ghent, Belgium, pp.87-105.
Spray, CM and Pickthall, CE (2010) Predicting sport-education conflict among elite athletes: The influence of contextual motivation and perceived autonomy support. In
4th International Conference on Self-Determination Theory, Ghent, Belgium, pp.87-105.
Chan, D and
Spray, CM (2009) Using self-determination theory to understand the treatment motivation of injured athletes. In
4th Asia-Pacific Conference on Exercise and Sports Science and 8th International Sports Science Conference, Proceedings, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, S138.
Spray, CM and Warburton, VE (2009) Motivation in physical education across the primary-secondary school transition. In
Annual Conference of the North American Society for Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Austin, USA, S138.
Warburton, VE and
Spray, CM (2009) Antecedents and consequences of performance achievement goals in physical education: An exploratory examination of approach-avoidance and appearance-competition dimensions. In
World Congress of Sport Psychology, International Society of Sport Psychology, Marrakech, Morroco, S138.
Spray, CM and Warburton, V (2008) Physical self-perceptions and motivation in primary school physical education: A multilevel analysis. In
Inaugural conference of the Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology, British Psychological Society, London, pp.34-35.
Warburton, V and
Spray, CM (2008) Predicting change in approach-avoidance goal adoption: An analysis of two physical education activities. In
Inaugural conference of the Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology, British Psychological Society, London, p.48.
Warburton, V,
Spray, CM, Smith, AL (2008) Achievement goals, motivation and friendship quality in physical education classes. In
Proceedings of the 2008 BASES Annual Conference, London, p.48.
Taylor, IM, Ntoumanis, N, Standage, M,
Spray, CM (2008) Motivational predictors of students' leisure time physical activity and general physical self-concept in physical education: A multilevel growth curve analysis. In
Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the North American Society for Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity, Niagara Falls, Canada, pp.S204-S205.
Morgan, GP,
Spray, CM, Cale, A (2008) A qualitative investigation of Academy/Centre of Excellence coaches' perceptions of their role and rationale for selected practice behaviours. In
Proceedings of the Science and Soccer Conference, Liverpool, England, pp.S204-S205.
Warburton, V and
Spray, CM (2007) Changes in approach-avoidance achievement motivation in physical education across the primary-secondary school transition. In Theodorakis, Y, Goudas, M, Eds, AP (ed)
12th European Congress of Sport Psychology, Sport and Exercise Psychology: Bridges between disciplines and cultures, Halkidiki, Greece, pp.233-234, ISBN: 9789608992306.
Taylor, IM, Ntoumanis, N, Standage, M,
Spray, CM (2007) A self-determination based intervention in physical education. In
12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sports Science, Jyvaskyla, Finland, pp.59-73.
Olander, EK, Biddle, SJH,
Spray, CM (2007) The relationship between exercise identity and motivation to exercise. In
Proceedings of the 2007 BASES Annual Conference, Bath University, UK, p.228.
Spray, CM (2006) Developments in achievement goal research in physical education. In
Symposium entitled Developments in achievement motivation theory and research: Implications for educational research and practice, Annual Conference of the British Educational Research Association, Warwick, England, pp.159-197.
Harwood, CG and
Spray, C (2006) Parental behaviour in youth sport competitions: Do parental achievement goals really matter?. In
Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology, Miami, USA, p.35, ISBN: 0 9761786 2 1.
Keegan, R,
Spray, C, Lavallee, D, Harwood, CG (2006) An investigation into motivational climates using the 2 x 2 achievement goal framework. In
Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology, Miami, USA, p. 56, ISBN: 0 9761786 2 1.
Morgan, G,
Spray, C, Cale, A (2006) The impact of an autonomy-supportive coach behaviour program on the motivation and learning of elite youth soccer players. In
Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology, Miami, USA, p. 46, ISBN: 0 9761786 2 1.
Spray, CM (2006) Approach-avoidance achievement goals in sport. In
Symposium entitled Applying achievement goal theory in sport, 114th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, USA, pp.159-197.
Sagar, SS, Lavallee, DE,
Spray, CM (2006) Intergenerational transmission of fear of failure in young elite athletes. In
114th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, USA, pp.159-197.
Sagar, SS, Lavallee, DE,
Spray, CM (2006) "We played.we won.we lost": Examining parental sporting involvement through language. In
International Qualitative Conference in Sport and Exercise, Liverpool, UK, pp.255-267.
Warburton, V and
Spray, CM (2006) Examining motivation in physical education across the primary-secondary transition. In
British Psychological Society Annual Conference, Cardiff, Wales, pp.159-197.
Morgan, GP,
Spray, CM, Cale, A (2005) Analysis of elite youth soccer coaches' behaviours over time. In
Proceedings of the 20th Anniversary Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology, Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp.86-87, ISBN: 0 9761786 1 3.
Sagar, SS, Lavallee, DE,
Spray, CM (2005) Coping with fear of failure: An examination of young elite athletes. In
Proceedings of the Quinquennial Conference of The British Psychological Society, Manchester, England, pp.57-58.
Spray, CM (2005) Antecedents of approach and avoidance achievement goals in physical education. In
Proceedings of the Quinquennial Conference of The British Psychological Society, Manchester, England, pp.58-59.
Bisig, TB and
Spray, CM (2005) A psychological approach to golf: Relationships between motivation, performance and psychological strategies in competition. In
BASES Annual Conference (2004), Journal of Sports Sciences, Liverpool, p.161.
Morgan, GP and
Spray, CM (2005) Motivation and learning in elite youth association football: An exploration of club and age differences. In
BASES Annual Conference (2004), Journal of Sports Sciences, Liverpool, pp.214-215.
Mackay, A and
Spray, CM (2005) Exploring contextual and situational motivational processes and outcomes in physical education. In
Journal of Sports Sciences, Loughborough University, UK, p.1257.
Sagar, S,
Spray, CM, Lavallee, DE (2004) Fear of failure among elite athletes: A thematic approach. In
1st International Annual Conference for Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, Liverpool, UK, p.1257.
Palmer, CL, Burwitz, L, Dyer, A,
Spray, CM (2004) Fitness training adherence among elite junior netball players: An application of Maddux's revised theory of planned behaviour. In
BASES Annual Conference (2003), Journal of Sports Sciences, Sheffield, pp.257-258.
Sagar, SS,
Spray, CM, Biddle, SJH (2004) Fear of failure in young athletes. In
BASES Annual Conference (2003), Journal of Sports Sciences, Sheffield, pp.312-313.
Biddle, SJH, Wang, CKJ, Kavussanu, M,
Spray, CM (2003) Correlates of achievement goal orientations in physical activity. In Stelter, RE (ed)
New approaches to exercise and sport psychology: Theories, methods and applications, Copenhagen, Denmark: FEPSAC, p.32.
Spray, CM and Warburton, VE (2003) Ability beliefs, achievement goals, and motivation in physical education classes. In Stelter, RE (ed)
Proceedings of the 11th European Congress of Sport Psychology, New Approaches to Exercise and Sport Psychology, Copenhagen, Denmark: FEPSAC, p.160.
Spray, CM (2002) Short-term consequences of achievement goal orientations in physical education. In Koskolou, M, Geladas, N, Klissouras, V (ed)
ECSS, Proceedings of the 7th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Athens, Greece, p.975.
Spray, CM (2002) Cognitive processes in physical education: instrument validation and relationships with goals. In
2001 BASES Annual Conference, Journal of Sports Sciences, Newport, South Wales, pp.28-29.
Wang, J, Biddle, SJH, Chatzisarantis, N,
Spray, CM (2001) On the goodness and badness of achievement goals: A Self-Determination Theory approach. In
Annual Conference of The British Psychological Society, Glasgow, Scotland, p.1257.
Spray, CM (2001) Pupils' goal perspectives and the internalisation of reasons for disciplined behaviour in physical education lessons. In Papaioannou, M, Goudas, M, Theodoraki, Y (ed)
10th World Congress of Sport Psychology, In the Dawn of the New Millennium, Skiathos, Hellas: Christodouli, pp.346-348.
Wang, J, Biddle, SJH, Chatzisarantis, N,
Spray, CM (2001) Effects of experimentally-induced athletic beliefs on goal adoption, affect, and attributions. In Papaioannou, A, Goudas, M, Theodorakis, Y (ed)
10th World Congress of Sport Psychology, In the Dawn of the New Millenium, Skiathos, Hellas: Chrisodoulidi, pp.37-39.
Spray, CM and Biddle, SJH (1998) The influence of individual and situational goals on participation in post-16 physical education. In
BASES Annual Conference 1997, Journal of Sports Sciences, York, pp.104-105.
Spray, CM and Biddle, SJH (1997) Beliefs about the nature of athletic ability, goal orientations, perceived competence, and motivation in sport and physical education. In
BASES Annual Conference 1996, Journal of Sports Sciences, Lilleshall, pp.105-106.
