Journal Articles
McGowan, H,
Fleming, P, Pak, JH, James, D, Forrester, S (2023)
The effect of rotational velocity on rotational traction across a range of artificial turf surface systems,
Scientific Reports, 13(1), 21631, ISSN: 2045-2322. DOI:
10.1038/s41598-023-48134-0.
McGowan, H,
Fleming, P, James, D, Forrester, S (2023)
Understanding the variability in rotational traction testing on artificial turf,
Sports Engineering, 26(1), ISSN: 1369-7072. DOI:
10.1007/s12283-023-00426-4.
Cole, D, Forrester, S,
Fleming, P, Bauer, M, James, D, Benetti, M, Wistel, K, Billingham, J, Roberts, J (2023)
Development and evaluation of a sensory panel for collecting reliable player perceptions of third‑generation synthetic turf football surfaces,
Sports Engineering, 26(1), 7, ISSN: 1369-7072. DOI:
10.1007/s12283-022-00395-0.
Cole, D,
Fleming, P, Roberts, J, James, D, Benetti, M, Wistel, K, Billingham, J, Forrester, S (2023)
Comparison of player perceptions to mechanical measurements of third generation synthetic turf football surfaces,
Sports Engineering, 26(1), 5, ISSN: 1369-7072. DOI:
10.1007/s12283-022-00398-x.
Kyrkou, K, Frost, M,
Fleming, P, Sartain, N (2022)
Blind field tests to determine Rayleigh wave velocity on a high-speed railway environment: The reliability of seismic surface waves methods,
Transportation Geotechnics, 37, 100859, ISSN: 2214-3912. DOI:
10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100859.
Kyrkou, K, Frost, M,
Fleming, P, Sartain, N (2022)
Seismic surface waves and borehole methods to determine shear wave velocity: A review of measurement practice by contractors in the UK,
International Journal of Civil Infrastructure (IJCI), 5, pp.19-30, ISSN: 2563-8084. DOI:
10.11159/ijci.2022.004.
Fleming, PR, Watts, C, Forrester, S (2020)
A new model of third generation artificial turf degradation, maintenance interventions and benefits,
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, pp.175433712096160-175433712096160, ISSN: 1754-3371. DOI:
10.1177/1754337120961602.
Cole, D,
Fleming, P, Morrison, K, Forrester, S (2020)
Evaluation of the advanced artificial athlete and Hall effect sensors for measuring strain in multi-layer sports surfaces,
SN Applied Sciences, 2(3), 484, ISSN: 2523-3963. DOI:
10.1007/s42452-020-2178-5.
Forrester, S and
Fleming, P (2019)
Traction forces generated during studded boot‐surface interactions on third‐generation artificial turf: A novel mechanistic perspective,
Engineering Reports, 1(5), e12066, ISSN: 2577-8196. DOI:
10.1002/eng2.12066.
Twomey, DM, Petrass, LA,
Fleming, P, Lenehan, K (2018)
Abrasion injuries on artificial turf: A systematic review,
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, ISSN: 1440-2440. DOI:
10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.005.
Anderson, F,
Fleming, P, Sherratt, P, Severn, KA (2018)
Novel field equipment for assessing the stability of natural and hybrid turfs,
Sports Engineering, ISSN: 1369-7072. DOI:
10.1007/s12283-018-0273-2.
Cole, D, Forrester, S,
Fleming, P (2018)
Mechanical characterisation and modelling of elastomeric shockpads,
Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 8(4), DOI:
10.3390/app8040501.
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW, Simpson, M, Everett, R, Gibbs, RJ (2017)
Drainage Behavior of Sports Pitches–A Case Study Review,
itsrj, 13(1), pp.649-656, DOI:
10.2134/itsrj2016.06.0450.
Tay, S,
Fleming, P, Hu, X, Forrester, S (2016)
Skin friction related behaviour of artificial turf systems,
Journal of Sports Sciences, ISSN: 1466-447X. DOI:
10.1080/02640414.2016.1223330.
Tay, SP,
Fleming, P, Forrester, S, Hu, X (2016)
Addressing skin abrasions on artificial turfs with zwitterionic polymer brushes,
RSC Adv, 6(39), pp.32446-32453, DOI:
10.1039/C5RA26194E.
Stylianides, T, Frost, M,
Fleming, P, El-Jaber, A, Mageean, M, Huetson, A, Klimczak, T (2015)
Highway filter drains: precursors for maintenance management,
Infrastructure Asset Management, 2(4), pp.159-172, ISSN: 2053-0242. DOI:
10.1680/jinam.15.00005.
Tay, SP, Hu, X,
Fleming, P, Forrester, S (2015)
Tribological investigation into achieving skin-friendly artificial turf surfaces,
MATERIALS & DESIGN, 89, pp.177-182, ISSN: 0261-3069. DOI:
10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.033.
Dijkstra, T, Dixon, N, Crosby, C, Frost, M, Gunn, D,
Fleming, P, Wilks, JH (2015)
Forecasting infrastructure resilience to climate change,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-TRANSPORT, 167(5), pp.269-280, ISSN: 0965-092X. DOI:
10.1680/tran.13.00089.
Fleming, P, Forrester, S, McLaren, NJ (2015)
Understanding the effects of decompaction maintenance on the infill state and play performance of third-generation artificial grass pitches,
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 229(3), pp.169-182, ISSN: 1754-3371. DOI:
10.1177/1754337114566480.
Beetham, P, Dijkstra, T, Dixon, N,
Fleming, P, Hutchison, R, Bateman, J (2015)
Lime stabilisation for earthworks: a UK perspective,
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Ground Improvement, 168(2), pp.81-95, ISSN: 1755-0750. DOI:
10.1680/grim.13.00030.
Twomey, DM, Petrass, LA,
Fleming, P (2014)
Abrasion injuries on artificial turf – a real risk or not?,
The South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(3), DOI:
10.7196/sajsm.563.
Hopper, LS, Wheeler, TJ, Webster, J, Allen, N, Roberts, J,
Fleming, P (2014)
Dancer perceptions of the force reduction of dance floors used by a professional touring ballet company,
Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 18(3), pp.121-130, DOI:
10.12678/1089-313X.18.3.121.
Simpson, MR,
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW (2013)
Briefing: Sustainable drainage for sports pitch developments,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-MUNICIPAL ENGINEER, 166(4), pp.211-215, ISSN: 0965-0903. DOI:
10.1680/muen.12.00056.
El-Hamalawi, A, DAvillez, J, Frost, MW, Cawser, S, Skinner, C,
Fleming, PR, Shields, P (2013) Ground Response Data Capture for Railway Vibration Prediction,
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Transport, 1, pp.83-92.
Fleming, PR (2011)
MAINTENANCE BEST PRACTICE AND RECENT RESEARCH,
Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology: Proceedings IMechE Part P, 225(3), pp.159-170, ISSN: 1754-3371. DOI:
10.1177/1754337111405256.
Severn, K,
Fleming, PR, Clarke, J, Carre, M (2011)
Science of synthetic turf surfaces: investigating traction behaviour,
Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology: Proceedings IMechE Part P, 225(3), pp.147-158, ISSN: 1754-3371. DOI:
10.1177/1754337111408980.
Baxter, DJ, Dixon, N,
Fleming, PR, Cromwell, K, Watkins, RAM (2011)
Discussion: Refining shear strength characteristic value using experience,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING, 164(4), pp.289-291, ISSN: 1353-2618. DOI:
10.1680/geng.10.00028.
Fleming, PR (2011)
Artificial Turf Systems for Sport Surfaces: current knowledge and research needs,
Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology: Proceedings IMechE Part P, 225(2), pp.43-64, ISSN: 1754-3371.
Hopper, LS, Alderson, JA, Elliott, BC, Ackland, TR,
Fleming, PR (2011)
Dancer perceptions of quantified dance surface mechanical properties,
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 225(2), pp.65-73, ISSN: 1754-3371. DOI:
10.1177/1754337111399833.
Fleming, PR, Young, C, Dixon, SJ, Carre, M (2010)
Athlete and coach perceptions of technology needs for evaluating running performance,
Journal of Sports Engineering, 13(1), pp.1-18, ISSN: 1369-7072. DOI:
10.1007/s12283-010-0049-9.
Frost, MW,
Fleming, PR, Gordon, M, Edwards, JP (2010)
Pavement Foundation stiffness testing- a New regime,
Transport proceedings of the Institution of Civil engineers, 163(TR3), pp.119-125, ISSN: 0965-092X.
Severn, K,
Fleming, PR, Dixon, N (2010)
Science of Synthetic Turf Surfaces: Player-Surface Interactions,
Journal of Sports Technology, 3(1), pp.13-25, ISSN: 1934-6182. DOI:
10.1080/19346190.2010.504279.
Ronkainen, JA, El Kati, RF,
Fleming, PR, Forrester, S (2010)
Application of an industrial robot in the sports domain: simulating the ground contact phase of running,
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechnical Engineers, Part P: Sports Engineering and Technology, 224(4), pp.259-269, ISSN: 1754-3371. DOI:
10.1243/17543371JSET59.
Austin, SA, Arnold, S,
Fleming, PR, Robins, PJ (2009)
Deterioration of concrete joints under low-intensity, high-cycle loading,
Magazine of Concrete Research, 61(9), pp.679-690.
Ronkainen, JA, Roberts, M, El Kati, RFM,
Fleming, PR, Forrester, SE (2009)
Robotic simulation of the ground contact phase of forefoot and heelstrike running,
Footwear Science, 1(sup1), pp.3-5, ISSN: 1942-4280. DOI:
10.1080/19424280902963095.
Baxter, D, Dixon, N,
Fleming, PR, Cromwell, K (2008)
Refining Characteristic values of shear strength using experience,
Geotechnical Engineering, 161(5), pp.160-174.
Adetunji, I, Price, AD,
Fleming, PR (2008)
Achieving Sustainablity in the Construction Supply Chain,
Engineering Sustainability, 161(ES3), pp.161-172.
Lambert, JP,
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW (2008)
The Assessment of Granular Materials for Performance Based Pavement Foundation Design,
International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 9(3), pp.203-214, ISSN: 1029-8436.
Frost, MW, Lambert, JP,
Fleming, PR (2007)
A review of the Lightweight Deflectometer (LWD) for routine insitu assessment of pavement material stiffness,
Transportation Research Record 2004: Soil Mechanics 2007, 2004, pp.80-87, ISSN: 0361-1981. DOI:
10.3141/2004-09.
Chapman, DN,
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CDF, Talby, R (2007)
The response of flexible pipes buried in sand to static surface stress,
Geomechanics and Geoengineering: An International Journal, 2(1), pp.17-28.
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW, Lambert, JP (2006)
A Review of Geotechnical Specifications for Sustainable Transport Infrastructure,
The International Journal of Pavement Engineering and Asphalt Technology, 7(2), pp.46-64, ISSN: 1464-8164.
Lambert, JP,
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW (2006) Material Testing for Sustainable Pavement Foundation Design,
Proceedings of the Civil Engineers, Construction Materials 159, 159(CM4), pp.139-146.
Lambert, JP,
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW (2006)
Material testing for sustainable pavement foundation design,
Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers: Construction Materials, 159(4), pp.139-146, ISSN: 1747-650X. DOI:
10.1680/coma.2006.159.4.139.
Fleming, PR, Lambert, JP, Frost, MW (2006)
Laboratory Assessment of Coarse Granular Road Foundation Materials,
Transport Research Record 1952: Geomaterials, pp.58-70, ISSN: 0361-1981.
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW, Lambert, JP (2006)
Sustainable Earthworks Specifications for Transport Infrastructure,
Transportation Research Record 1975: Soil Mechanics, pp.73-80, ISSN: 0361-1981.
Arnold, SJ,
Fleming, PR, Austin, SA, Robins, PJ (2005)
A test method and deterioration model for joints and cracks in concrete slabs,
Cement and Concrete Research, 35(12), pp.2371-2383, ISSN: 0008-8846. DOI:
10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.08.002.
Barling, JM and
Fleming, P (2005)
The safe management of civil airfield pavements,
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport, 158(2), pp.97-106, ISSN: 0965-092X. DOI:
10.1680/tran.2005.158.2.97.
Barling, JM and
Fleming, P (2005)
The safe management of civil airfield pavements,
Transport, 158(2), pp.97-106, ISSN: 0965-092X. DOI:
10.1680/tran.158.2.97.62782.
Edwards, JP, Thom, N,
Fleming, PR, Williams, J (2005)
Testing of Unbound Materials in the Nottingham Asphalt Tester Springbox,
Transport Research Record 1913: Geology and Properties of Earth Materials, 1913, pp.32-40, ISSN: 0361-1981. DOI:
10.3141/1913-04.
Frost, MW, Edwards, JP,
Fleming, PR, Arnold, SJ (2005)
Simplified Laboratory Assessment of Subgrade Performance Parameters for the Mechanistic Design of Pavement Foundations,
Transportation Research Record: 1913 Geology and Properties of Earth Materials, 1913, pp.77-85, ISSN: 0361-1981.
Fleming, PR, Young, C, Roberts, JR, Jones, R, Dixon, N (2005)
Human perceptions of artificial surfaces for field hockey,
Sports Engineering, 8(3), pp.121-136, ISSN: 1369-7072.
Rogers, CDF,
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW (2004)
A Philosophy for a Performance Based Specification for Road Foundations,
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Transport, 57(3), pp.383-395, ISSN: 0965-092X. DOI:
10.1680/tran.157.3.143.41181.
Frost, MW,
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CDF (2004)
Cyclic Triaxial Tests on Clay Subgrades for Analytical Pavement Design,
ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, 130(3), pp.378-386, ISSN: 0733-947X. DOI:
10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2004)130:3(378.
Adetunji, I, Price, AD,
Fleming, PR, Kemp, P (2003)
Sustainability and the UK Construction Industry - A Review,
Engineering Sustainability, 156(4), pp.185-199, ISSN: 1478-4629. DOI:
10.1680/ensu.156.4.185.36962.
Frost, MW,
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CD (2001)
Assessment of a performance specification approach for pavement foundations,
Transport Research Record 1757, pp.100-110, ISSN: 0361-1981.
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW, Rogers, CDF, Thom, NH, Armitage, RJ (2001)
Performance based specification for road foundation materials,
Quarry Management Journal, pp.524-531.
Frost, MW,
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CDF (2001) Assessment of a Performance Approach for Pavement Foundations,
Journal of the Transportion Research Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board No 1757 (Geomaterials) National Academy Press Washington, pp.524-531.
Faragher, E, Rogers, CD,
Fleming, PR (2000) Analysis of Repeated-Load Field Testing of Buried Plastic Pipes,
Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE, 126(3), pp.271-278, ISSN: 0733-947X.
Faragher, E, Rogers, CD,
Fleming, PR (1998) Laboratory Determination of Soil Stiffness Data for Buried Plastic Pipes,
Transportation Research Record 1624, pp.231-236, ISSN: 0361-1981.
Shahid, MA, Thom, N,
Fleming, PR (1997) In-situ Assessment of Road Foundations,
The Journal of the Institution of Highways and Transportation and IHIE, 44(11), pp.15-17, ISSN: 0265-6868.
Fleming, PR, Faragher, E, Rogers, CD (1997) Laboratory and Field Testing of Large Diameter Pipe,
Transportation Research Record 1594, pp.208-216, ISSN: 0361-1981.
Rogers, CD,
Fleming, PR, Talby, R (1996) Use of Visual Methods to Investigate the Influence of the Installation Procedure upon Pipe/Soil Interaction,
Transportation Research Record 1541, pp.76-85, ISSN: 0361-1981.
Fleming, PR and Cooper, MR (1995) Investigations into the Settlement Characteristics of Trench Reinstatements,
The Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Municipal, 109(2), pp.112-119, ISSN: 0965-0903.
Fleming, PR and Rogers, CD (1995) Assessment of Pavement Foundations During Construction,
Transport, The Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 111(2), pp.105-115, ISSN: 0965-092X.
Rogers, CD,
Fleming, PR, Loeppky, MWJ, Faragher, E (1995) The Structural Performance of Profile-Wall Drainage Pipe - Stiffness Requirements Contrasted with the Results of Laboratory and Field Experiments,
Transportation Research Record, 1514, pp.83-93, ISSN: 0361-1981.
Fleming, PR (1994) Landfill Liners,
Ground Engineering, 27, p.3.
FLEMING, PR (1994)
REPORT OF THE EAST MIDLANDS GEOTECHNICAL GROUPS MEETING ON LANDFILL LINERS HELD ON 24 JANUARY 1994,
GROUND ENGINEERING, 27(7), pp.18-&, ISSN: 0017-4653.
King, G,
Fleming, PR, Boyce, JR, Rogers, CD (1994) A new variable impact test for low-volume roads,
Transportation Research Record 1291, 2, pp.204-211.
Cooper, MR and
Fleming, PR (1989) A Large- Capacity Batch Filling Water Baloon Apparatus for Deep In-Situ Density Tests,
Geotechnical Testing Journal, 12(3), pp.222-226.
Dodson, AH and
Fleming, P (1988)
The geomensor CR 204: Baseline test results,
Survey Review, 29(229), pp.351-357, ISSN: 0039-6265. DOI:
10.1179/sre.1988.29.229.351.
Conferences
Mears, A, Forrester, S,
Fleming, P, Grant, R, Farmer, J, authors, V (2024)
ISEA 2024: The Engineering of Sport 15, Loughborough UK 8-11 July 2024: Conference Abstracts. In Mears, A, Forrester, S,
Fleming, P, Grant, R, Farmer, J (ed)
, Loughborough University, UK, pp.1-382.
Kyrkou, K, Frost, M,
Fleming, P, Sartain, N (2022)
The application of seismic surface wave testing on stiff low-height embankments for the construction of high-speed railway’s earthworks: a case study in the UK. In Ridley, AM (ed)
11th International Symposium on Field Monitoring in Geomechanics (ISFMG 2022); Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Field Monitoring in Geomechanics (ISFMG2022), London, United Kingdom.
Kyrkou, K, Frost, M,
Fleming, P, Sartain, N, Trinder, S (2021)
Seismic surface waves methods for high-speed rail earthworks compliance: a review of measurement practice. In
7th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering (CSEE'22); Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering (CSEE'22), Lisbon, Portugal (Virtual),ISBN: 9781927877999. DOI:
10.11159/icgre22.184.
Cole, D,
Fleming, P, Forrester, S, Morrison, K (2020)
Spatial Measurements for Artificial Turf Systems Using Hall Effect Sensors. In
, Proceedings of ISEA 13, pp.160-160, DOI:
10.3390/proceedings2020049160.
Fleming, P, Watts, C, Gunn, J, Forrester, S (2020)
Hardness Safety Testing of Artificial Turf. In
, Proceedings of ISEA 13, pp.130-130, DOI:
10.3390/proceedings2020049130.
Gustin, M,
Fleming, P, Allinson, D, Watson, S (2018)
Modelling surface temperatures on 3G artificial turf. In
12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association, Brisbane Australia, pp.279-279, DOI:
10.3390/proceedings2060279.
Cole, D, Forrester, S,
Fleming, P (2018)
Mechanical characterization and numerical modelling of rubber shockpads in 3G artificial turf. In
12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association, Brisbane Australia, pp.283-283, DOI:
10.3390/proceedings2060283.
Sharma, P, Fleming, P, Forrester, S, Gunn, J (Accepted for publication) Maintenance of artificial turf-putting research into practice. In [[I_AM_NOT_A_PERSON]], (ed) The Engineering of Sport 11, Procedia Engineering, Delft, Holland, pp.830-835, DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.298.
Fleming, P, Ferrandino, M, Forrester, S (Accepted for publication) Artificial turf field-A new build case study. In [[I_AM_NOT_A_PERSON]], (ed) The Engineering of Sport 11, Procedia Engineering, Delft, Holland, pp.836-841, DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.294.
Anderson, F,
Fleming, P, Sherratt, P, Severn, KA (2016)
Design and development of a novel natural turf shear stability tester. In
, International Sports Engineering Association – The Engineering of Sport 11, Delft. DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.293.
Stylianides, T, Frost, M,
Fleming, P, Mageean, M, Huetson, A (2016)
A condition assessment approach for highway filter drains using ground penetrating radar. In
, Procedia Engineering. DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.108.
Stylianides, T, Frost, M,
Fleming, P, El-Jaber, A, Mageean, M (2015)
Assessment of highway filter drain fouling and performance considerations. In
, Washington.
Anderson, F,
Fleming, P, Sherratt, P, Severn, KA (2015)
Investigating shear stability of rugby union natural turf pitches. In
, Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology, Barcelona. DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.248.
Webb, C, Forrester, S,
Fleming, P (2015)
The development of a translational traction rig to investigate the mechanisms of traction in 3G turf. In
7th Asia-Pacific congress on Sports Technology, Barcelona. DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.255.
Ferrandino, M, Forrester, S,
Fleming, P (2015)
The player surface interaction of rugby players with 3G artificial turf during rugby specific movements. In
7th Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology, APCST 2015, Barcelona. DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.249.
Tay, SP,
Fleming, P, Forrester, S, Hu, X (2015)
Insights to skin-turf friction as investigated using the Securisport. In
, Procedia Engineering, pp.320-325, DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.252.
Fleming, P and Forrester, S (2014)
Artificial turf research at Loughborough University. In
, Sheffield Hallam Univ, Sheffield, ENGLAND, pp.925-930, DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.147.
McLaren, NJ,
Fleming, P, Forrester, S (2014)
Artificial grass: a longitudinal study on ball roll and free pile height. In
, Sheffield Hallam Univ, Sheffield, ENGLAND, pp.871-876, DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.146.
Hopper, LS, Alderson, JA, Elliott, BC, Ackland, TR,
Fleming, P (2014)
Do dance floor force reduction and static stiffness represent dynamic floor stiffness during dance landings?. In
Procedia Engineering, pp.931-936, DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.148.
Webb, CH, Forrester, S,
Fleming, P (2014)
Rotational traction behaviour of artificial turf. In
, Sheffield Hallam Univ, Sheffield, ENGLAND, pp.853-858, DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.144.
Wang, X,
Fleming, P, Forrester, S (2014)
Advanced measurement of sports surface system behaviour under player loading. In
, Sheffield Hallam Univ, Sheffield, ENGLAND, pp.865-870, DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.145.
Tay, S, Hu, X,
Fleming, P, Forrester, S (2014)
Strategy towards next generation artificial turf surfaces with lower risk of skin abrasion injury. In
Advanced Materials for Sports Technology, 1st International Conference in Sports Science and Technology, Singapore, pp.28-35.
Fleming, PR and Forrester, S (2013) Artificial turf – Surface properties and player-surface interaction. In
ASICS Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport, Phuket, Thailand, n/a.
Avillez, J, Skinner, C, Frost, M, El-Hamalawi, A, Shields, P, Cawser, S,
Fleming, P (2012) Procedures for estimating environmental impact from railway induced vibration: A review. In
, 41st International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering 2012, INTER-NOISE 2012, pp.4176-4187.
McLaren, N,
Fleming, P, Forrester, S (2012)
Artificial grass: A conceptual model for degradation in performance. In
, Procedia Engineering, pp.831 - 836-831 - 836, DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.142.
Wang, X,
Fleming, P, Dixon, N (2012)
Advanced Measurement for Sports Surface System Behaviour. In Drane, P and Sherwood, J (ed)
9th Conference of the International-Sports-Engineering-Association (ISEA), ENGINEERING OF SPORT CONFERENCE 2012, Univ Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, pp.825-830, DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.141.
D'Avillez, J, Frost, M, Cawser, S,
Fleming, P, El-Hamalawi, A, Shields, P, Skinner, C (2012)
Issues and limitations on measuring building’s transfer function. In
.
D'Avillez, J, Frost, M, Cawser, S, El-Hamalawi, A,
Fleming, P, Shields, P, Skinner, C (2010) The influence of vibration transducer mounting on the practical measurement of railway vibration. In
, 39th International Congress on Noise Control Engineering 2010, INTER-NOISE 2010, pp.5359-5368.
Fleming, PR, severn, K, clarke, J, Carre, M (2010) A Comparison of Traction Test Methods. In
Proceedings of the second International conference on Science, Technology and Research in Sport Surfaces - STARSS 2, Loughborough University,ISBN: 978-1-897911-34-1.
El Kati, R, Forrester, S,
Fleming, PR (2010)
Incorporating 'in-game' scenarios into player-surface studies. In
2nd International Conference on the Science, Technology and Research into Sports Surfaces, Loughborough, UK.
El Kati, R, Forrester, S,
Fleming, P (2010)
Evaluation of pressure insoles during running. In Sabo, A, Kafka, P, Litzenberger, S, Sabo, C (ed)
8th Conference of the International-Sports-Engineering-Association (ISEA), ENGINEERING OF SPORT 8: ENGINEERING EMOTION - 8TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SPORTS ENGINEERING ASSOCIATION (ISEA), Vienna, AUSTRIA, pp.3053-3058, DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2010.04.110.
D’Avillez, J, Frost, MW, Cawser, S, El-Hamalawi, A,
Fleming, PR, Shields, P, Skinner, C (2010)
The influence of vibration transducer mounting on the practical measurement of railway vibration. In
Internoise 2010, Lisbon, Portugal, pp.-.
Fleming, P (2010)
Maintenance best practice and recent research. In
Second International Conference on Science Technology and Research in Sport Surfaces - STARSS 2, Loughborough, UK,ISBN: 9781897911341.
Ronkainen, JA, El Kati, RFM, Roberts, M, Forrester, S,
Fleming, PR (2009) Replicating human running: implementation of a 6 degree of freedom industrial robot in the sports domain. In
Proceedings of the 4th Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology, Hawaii.
El Kati, RFM, Forrester, S,
Fleming, PR (2009) Movement classification for studies on player-surface interaction. In
Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics, Penn State, USA.
Ronkainen, JA, Roberts, M, El Kati, RFM,
Fleming, PR, Forrester, S (2009) Robotic simulation of the ground contact phase of forefoot and heelstrike running. In
Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Footwear Biomechanics Symposium,, Stellenbosch, SA.
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW, Lambert, JP (2009)
Lightweight Deflectometers for Quality Assurance in Road Construction. In
8th Int. Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Proceedings of the 8th Int. Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Champaign, Illinois, USA, ISBN: 978-0-415-87200-3.
Nelder, L, England, C, Brough, M, Armitage, R, Frost, MW,
Fleming, PR (2008)
A Comparison of Trackbed Design methodologies: A case Study from a heavy Haul Freight railway. In
1st International Conference on Transportation Geotechnics, Advances in Transportation Geotechnics Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Transportation Geotechnics, Nottingham University, UK, pp.135-142, ISBN: 978-0-415-47590-7.
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW, Gilbert, PJ, Coney, P (2008)
Performance related design and construction of road foundations - review of the recent changes to UK practice. In
Advances in Transportation Geotechnics, Nottingham, pp.135-142, ISBN: 978-0-415-47590-7.
Young, C,
Fleming, PR, Carre, MJ, Dixon, SJ (2008)
Shoe signature modelling for advanced running technique. In Estivalet, M and Brisson, P (ed)
7th International Conference on the Engineering of Sport, Biarritz, France, pp.35-44.
Fleming, PR, Anderson, LJ, Ansarifar, A (2008)
The behaviour of recycled rubber shockpads for synthetic sports pitches. In Estivalet, M and Brisson, P (ed)
7th International Conference on the Engineering of Sport, Biarritz, France, pp.77-88.
Severn, KA,
Fleming, PR, Dixon, N (2008)
The science of sports surface interactions for synthetic turf surfaces. In Estivalet, M and Brisson, P (ed)
7th International Conference on the Engineering of Sport, Biarritz, France, pp.89-99.
Nelder, LM, England, C, Armitage, RJ, Brough, MJ,
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW (2008)
A comparison of trackbed design methodologies: A case study from a heavy haul freight railway. In
, ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION GEOTECHNICS, pp.621-+, ISBN: 978-0-415-47590-7.
Young, C and
Fleming, PR (2007) A review of mechanical impact testing devices for sport surfaces. In
1st International STARRS Conference - Sport Technology & Research into Sport Surfaces, Loughborough University, UK.
Severn, K,
Fleming, PR, Dixon, N, James, I (2007) Temperal and Spatial Investigations on water based hockey fields. In
1st International STARRS Conference, Loughborough University, UK.
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW, Lambert, JP (2007) A review of the lightweight deflectometer for routine assessment of pavement material stiffness. In
86th TRB Meeting, Washington D.C, USA.
Baxter, DJ, Dixon, N,
Fleming, PR, Hadley, SP (2006) The design and formation of bored displacement piles: a United Kingdom perspective. In
10th International Conference on Piling and Foundations, Amsterdam, p.9.
Lambert, JP,
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW (2006) A material performance test for pavement foundations. In Robinson, and Eds, N (ed)
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on 'Research and Practical Applications using Wastes and Secondary Materials in Paving Engineering, Liverpool, UK.
Chapman, D,
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CDF, Talby, R (2006) The Influence of Static Surface Stress on Flexible Pipes Buried in Sand. In
85th Transportation Research Board Meeting, National Research Council, Washington, D.C, USA, pp.cd-rom.
Lambert, JP,
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW (2006) Laboratory Assessment of Coarse Granular Road Foundation Materials. In
85th Transportion Research Board Meeting, National Research Council, Washington, D.C, USA, pp.cd-rom.
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW, Lambert, JP (2006) Geotechnical Specifications for Sustainable Infrastructure. In Robinso, and Eds, N (ed)
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on 'Research and Practical Applications Using Wastes and Secondary Materials in Pavement Engineering, Liverpool, UK.
Anderson, L,
Fleming, PR, Ansarifar, A (2006) Recent advances in understanding the behavior of shockpads for utdoor synthetic sports pitches. In Moritz, EF and Haake, SE (ed)
Proceedings of the Engineering of Sports 6 Conference, Germany, pp.97-102, ISBN: 0 387 34680 5.
Young, C,
Fleming, PR, Dixon, N (2006) Test devices for the evaluation of synthetic turf pitches for field hockey. In Moritz, F and Haake, SJ (ed)
6th International Conference on the Engineering of Sport, Proceeding sof the 6th International Conference on the Engineering of Sport, Munich, Germany, pp.241-248, ISBN: 0-387-34680-5.
Fleming, PR and Young, C (2006) Impact Assessment Tools - Sports Surfaces. In Moritz, F and Haake, SJ (ed)
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Engineering of Sports, Munich, pp.319-324, ISBN: 0-387-34680-5.
Lambert, JP,
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW (2005) The Routine Laboratory Assessment of the Performance of Coarse Granular Materials for Pavement Foundation Design. In
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields, Trondheim, Norway, pp.cd-rom.
Edwards, JP, Thom, NH,
Fleming, PR (2005) Accelerated Laboratory Based Mechanistic Testing of Unbound Materials within the Newly Developed NAT Springbox. In
84th Transportation Research Board Meeting, Washington, pp.cd-rom.
Adetunji, IO, Price, A,
Fleming, P, Kemp, P (2005)
The barriers and possible solution to achieve sustainable development. In
Proceedings of the 2nd Scottish Conference for Postgraduate Researchers of the Built and Natural Environment (PRoBE), Glasgow Caledonian University.
Young, C,
Fleming, PR, Dixon, N, Jones, R, Roberts, JR (2004) Correlating player performance tests with human perceptions for synthetic field hockey pitches. In Hubbard, M, Mehta, RD, eds, JMP (ed)
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on the Engineering of Sport, The Engineering of Sport 5, Davis, California, USA, pp.517-523, ISBN: 0-9547861-1-4.
Anderson, LJ,
Fleming, PR, Ansarifar, A (2004) Shock Absorbing Layers for Synthetic Sports Pitches. In Hubbard, M, Mehta, D, R, Pallis, eds, JM (ed)
Conference Proceedings of the Engineering of Sport 5, USA, pp.509-516, ISBN: 0-9547861-1-4.
Edwards, JP, Thom, NH,
Fleming, PR (2004) Development of a simplified test for unbound aggregates and weak hydraulically bound materials utilising the NAT. In Dawson, AE (ed)
Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Pavements Unbound, Balkema, pp.3-12.
Anderson, LJ,
Fleming, PR, Ansarifar, A (2004) Shock aborbing layers for synthetic sports surfaces. In Hubbard, M, Mehta, R, Pallis, JM (ed)
The Engineering of Sport 5, ISEA, pp.509-516.
Young, C,
Fleming, PR, Dixon, N, Jones, R, Roberts, JR (2004) Correlating Playing Tests with Human perceptions for Synthetic Field Hockey Pitches. In Hubbard, M, Mehta, R, Pallis, JM (ed)
The Engineering of Sport 5, ISEA, pp.517-523.
Fleming, PR, Young, C, Dixon, N (2004) Performance measurements on synthetic turf hockey pitches. In Hubbard, M, Mehta, R, Pallis, Eds, JM (ed)
The Engineering of Sport 5, ISEA, pp.524-531.
Young, C,
Fleming, PR, Dixon, N, Jones, R, Roberts, JR (2004) Correlating playing performance tests with human perceptions for synthetic field hockey pitches. In Editors Hubbard, M, Mehta, R, Pallis, JM (ed)
The Engineering of Sport 5, ISEA, , pp.517-523.
Fleming, PR, Young, C, Dixon, N (2004) Performance measurements on synthetic turf hockey pitches. In Editors Hubbard, M, Mehta, R, Pallis, JM (ed)
The Engineering of Sport 5, ISEA, , pp.524-531.
Adetunji, I, Price, AD,
Fleming, PR, Kemp, P (2003)
The application of systems thinking to the concept of sustainability. In Greenwood, DJE (ed)
19th Annual ARCOM Conference, Association of Researchers in Contruction Management, University of Brighton, pp.61-70.
Fleming, PR and Young, C (2003) The structural design and assessment of Tennis Courts. In
4th International Conference on Tennis Science, ITF, London, pp.249-252.
Fleming, PR and Young, C (2003) The Design and Assessment of Tennis Courts. In Miller, SE (ed)
Tennis Science and Technology, ITF, London, pp.153-162.
Saleh, A, El Hamalawi, A,
Fleming, PR (2003) Evaluation of Libyan clays for use as engineering landfill liners in arid or semi-arid conditions. In
3rd International Postgraduate Research Conference for the Built and Human Environment, Portugal.
Young, C,
Fleming, PR, Dixon, N (2003) Performance measures of synthetic turf pitches. In Nigg, M, B, Cole, K, G, Stefanyshyn, Eds, DJ (ed)
Proceedings of Sports Surfaces: Biomechanics, Injuries, Performance, Testing, University of Calgary, Canada, pp.249-253, ISBN: 0 88953 268 0.
Young, C,
Fleming, PR, Dixon, N (2003) Performance measures of Synthetic Turf Pitches, Sport Surfaces - Biomechanics Injuries Performance Testing Installation. In Nigg, B, Cole, G, Stefanyshyn, DE (ed)
, Calgary, pp.249-252, ISBN: 0 - 88953 268 0.
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CDF, Thom, N, Frost, MW (2003) A Performance Specification for Pavement Foundations. In Frost, MW, Jefferson, I, Faragher, E, Roff, TEJ,
Fleming, PR (ed)
Transportation Geotechnics 2003, , pp.161-176, ISBN: 0 7277 3249 8.
Young, C,
Fleming, PR, Dixon, N (2003) Performance measures of synthetic turf pitches. In
Sports Surfaces - Biomechanics injuries performance testing installation, Calgary, Canada, pp.249-252, ISBN: 0 88953 268 0.
Fleming, PR, Lambert, JP, Frost, MW, Rogers, CDF (2002) In-situ Assessment of Stiffness Modulus for Highway Foundations During Construction. In
9th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements, Copenhagen, Denmark, p.12.
Frost, MW,
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CD (2002)
Threshold Stress and Asymptotic Stiffness of UK Clays in the Repeated Load Triaxial Test. In
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields, Lisbon, Portugal, Norway, pp.1099-1108.
Thom, NH and
Fleming, PR (2002) Experimental and Theoretical Comparison of Dynamic Plate Testing Methods. In
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields, Lisbon, Portugal, Norway, pp.731-740.
Fleming, PR, Lambert, JP, Frost, MW, Rogers, CD (2002)
In-situ assessment of stiffness modulus for highway foundations during construction. In
9th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements, Copenhagen, Denmark, 12.
Fleming, PR, Dixon, N, Lambert, JP, Young, C (2002) Monitoring the Performance of Hockey Pitches during Construction. In Ujihashi, S and Haake, SE (ed)
The Engineering of Sport 4, Kyoto, Japan, pp.545-552.
Frost, MW,
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CDF (2002) Threshold Stress and Asymptotic Stiffness of UK Clays in the Repeated Load Triaxial Test. In
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields, Lisbon, Portugal, Norway, pp.1099-1108, ISBN: 90 5809 398 0.
Frost, MW and
Fleming, PR (2001) A Performance Approach to the Design and Specification of Foundations for Industrial Ground Bearing Slabs and Pavements. In Anumba, CJEAE (ed)
Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK, pp.183-192, ISBN: 1 89791123 8.
Frost, MW and
Fleming, PR (2001)
A Performance Approach to the Design and Specification of Foundations for Industrial Ground Bearing Slabs and Pavements. In
Proceedings Conference of Innovation in Construction Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, p.12.
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW, Rogers, CD (2001) Performance-based specification for road foundation materials. In
Quarry management and products conference, Bristol.
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW, Rogers, CD (2001) Assessment of a Performance Specification Approach for Pavement Foundations. In
80th Annual TRB Conference, Washington, DC, USA.
Fleming, PR (2001) Field measurement of Stiffness Modulus for Pavement Foundations. In
80th Annual TRB Conference, Washington, DC, USA.
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW, Rogers, CDF, Armitage, RJ (2000) Performance Based Specification for Road Foundation Materials. In
National Conference of the Institute of Quarrying (Quarry 2000), Bristol, p.12.
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW, Rogers, CD (2000)
A comparison of devices for measuring stiffness in situ. In
Conference on Unbound Aggregates in Roads, Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Unbound Aggregates in Roads, Nottingham, pp.193-200.
Rogers, CD,
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW (2000)
Stiffness behaviour of trail road foundations. In
Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Unbound Aggregates in Roads, Nottingham, pp.231-238.
Fleming, P (2000) Airfield electrical systems - The civil aviation authority requirements. In
, IEE Colloquium (Digest), pp.5-7.
Rogers, CDF,
Fleming, PR, Frost, MW (2000) Stiffness Behaviour of Trial Road Foundations. In
Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on Unbound Aggregates in Roads (UNBAR5), Nottingham University, p.12.
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CDF, Frost, MW (2000) A Comparison of Devices for Measuring Stiffness in situ. In
Proceedings 5th International Symposium on Unbound Aggregates in Roads (UNBAR5), Nottingham University, p.12.
Fleming, PR (2000) Small scale dynamic devices for the measurement of elastic stiffness modulus on pavement foundations. In
Nondestructive testing of pavements and backcalculation of moduli, ASTM STP 1375, . 12.
Fleming, PR (1999) Recycled bituminous planning in road foundations. In Cabrera, and Eds, Z (ed)
Performance and durability of bituminous materials and hydraulic stabilised composites, AEDIFICATIO, Leeds, pp.425-443.
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CDF, Frost, MW, Dawson, AR (1998) Subgrade Equilibrium Water Content and Resilient Modulus for UK Clays. In
Proceedings International Symposium on Su-drainage in Roadway Pavements and Subgrades (World Road Association), Granada, Spain, pp.1491-1501.
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CDF, Frost, MW (1998) Performance Parameters and Target Values for Construction of UK Road Foundations. In
Proceedings 5th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields, Trondheim, Norway, pp.1491-1501.
Faragher, E, Rogers, CD,
Fleming, PR (1998) Laboratory Determination of Soil Stiffness Data for Buried Plastic Pipes. In
National Research Council, Transport Research Board 77th Annual Meeting, Washington DC, USA, p.10.
Faragher, E,
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CD (1998) Prediction of Long-Term Performance from Repeated Loading of Buried Plastic Pipes under Field Conditions. In
National Research Council, Transport Research Board 77th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, USA, p.12.
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CD, Frost, MW (1998)
Subgrade equilibrium Water Content and resilient Modulus for UK Clays. In
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Subdrainage in Roadway Pavements and Subgrades, Granada, Spain, pp.359-366.
Fleming, PR (1998) Highway Sub-surface Drainage Utilising Fin drains. In
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Subdrainage in Roadway Pavements and Subgrades, Granada, Spain, pp.231-238.
Fleming, PR (1998) Recycled bituminous Planings as Unbound granular Materials for Road Foundations in the UK. In
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of roads and airfields, Trondheim, Norway, pp.1581-1590.
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CD, Frost, MW (1998)
Performance parameters and Target Values for Construction of UK Road Foundations. In
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of roads and airfields, Trondheim, Norway, pp.1491-1502.
Fleming, PR, Faragher, E, Rogers, CD (1996) Laboratory and Field Testing of Large Diameter Plastic Pipe. In
75th Annual Meeting Transport Research Board, Transport Research Board, Washington DC, USA, p.22.
Rogers, CD,
Fleming, PR, Talby, R (1996) Use of Visual Methods to Investigate the Influence of the Installation Procedure on Pipe/Soil Interaction. In
Transport Research Board, 75th Annual Meeting, Washington DC, USA, p.20.
Fleming, PR, Rogers, CD, Brown, AJ (1995) Permanent Deformation Characteristics of Granular Materials for Highway Construction. In
Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Unbound Aggregates in Roads, Nottingham, pp.271-279.
Rogers, CD, Brown, AJ,
Fleming, PR (1995) Elastic Stiffness Measurement of Pavement Foundation Layers. In
Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Unbound Aggregates in Roads, Nottingham, pp.331-338.
Rogers, CD,
Fleming, PR, Leoppky, MWJ, Faragher, E (1995) Buried Plastic Pipe - Performance versus Prediction. In
Proceedings of Second International Conference on Advances in UndergroUnderground Pipeline Engineering, Seattle, USA, pp.248-259.
Fleming, PR (1995) Impact Assessment of Highway Foundation Layers. In
Proceedings of the International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Chania, Crete, pp.1-2.
FLEMING, P (1995)
Impact assessment of highway foundation layers. In Cakmak, AS and Brebbia, CA (ed)
7th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (SDEE 95), SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING VII, CRETE, GREECE, pp.11-18, ISBN: 1-85312-315-3.
Fleming, PR and Rogers, CD (1994) Assessment of Permanent Deformation Characteristics of Four Granular Pavement Foundation Materials In Situ. In
Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields, Minneapolis, USA, pp.967-988.
Fleming, PR (1994) Geostatistics for Contaminated Land. In
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Marginal and Polluted Land, Brunel University, pp.41-47.
King, G,
Fleming, PR, Boyce, JR, Rogers, CD (1991) A New Variable Impact Test for Low-Volume Roads. In
TRB, National Research Council, Transportation Research Record 1291, Washington DC, USA, pp.204-211.
Boyce, JR,
Fleming, PR, King, G, Rogers, CD, Cobbe, MI (1990) A New Variable Impact Test for Pavement Foundations. In
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields, pp.185-194.
Boyce, JR, Cobbe, MI,
Fleming, PR (1989) Development of a prototype variable impact testing apparatus. In Jones, RH and Dawson, ARE (ed)
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Unbound Aggregates in Roads, pp.397-407.
Mcmahon, J, Fleming, P, McGowan, H, Forrester, S (Accepted for publication) A Comparison of two rotational traction test devices. In .
Fleming, P, Roberts, J, James, D (Accepted for publication) Field Hockey’s step change to ‘dry’ turf for elite level play. In .
McGowan, H, Fleming, P, James, D, Forrester, S (Accepted for publication) Developing a performance infill tracking software to investigate the mechanisms of traction on artificial turf. In .
McGowan, H, Fleming, P, James, D, Morris, J, Forrester, S (Accepted for publication) The validation of a performance infill tracking system for artificial turf. In .
McGowan, H, Fleming, P, Mcmahon, J, James, D, Forrester, S (Accepted for publication) The effect of normal stress on rotational traction on artificial turf surfaces. In .
Dixon, S, Reeves, J, Jones, R, Budd, T, McGowan, H, Mcmahon, J, Forrester, S, Fleming, P (Accepted for publication) Mechanical and biomechanical cushioning of a corked-based synthetic turf surface compared with natural turf and rubber crumb surfaces. In .
